C++ support
This change adds necessary support for compiling C++ programs:
- linking against libstdc++
- implementation of static initialization guards using FreeRTOS primitives: since we don't have condition variables at our disposal, and we don't want to allocate a synchronization primitive for every guard variable generated by the compiler, we imitate condition variables using a combination of a mutex, counting semaphore, and a counter (based on [Microsoft Research paper](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2004/12/ImplementingCVs.pdf), albeit because we don't need *arbitrary* code to use these CVs, implementation gets simpler).
Note that libstdc++ also contains an implementation of `__cxa_guard_{acquire,release,abort}` functions. These implementations come from an `#ifndef GXX_THREADS` branch, i.e. are not aware of multthreading. There are three ways of replacing these libstdc++ functions with our implementation:
1. Move our code into gcc. Pros: cleanest solution. Cons: Such changes are unlikely to be merged by any upstream, so we end up maintaining our own forks of {gcc,crosstool-ng}.
2. Use library as it is built by crosstool, use `ar` to delete one object file (`guards.o`), add this library to ESP-IDF. Pros: easy to implement. Cons: libstdc++ is a 15MB binary 😯
3. Keep using libstdc++ from crosstool, force our implementation to be linked using a `-u` linker flag. Pros: no impact on repo size, easy to implement. Cons: somewhat less clean than 1 (and about as hacky as 2).
For the reasons mentioned, option (3) looks like the best tradeoff.
Ref. TW6702
See merge request !364
b1c754bbb5